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Barnard Castle is a market town in Teesdale, County Durham, England. It is named after the castle around which it grew up. It is the main settlement in the Teesdale area, and is a popular tourist destination. The Bowes Museum has the best collection of European fine and decorative arts in the North of England, housed in a "magnificent" 19th-century French-style chateau.〔Daily Mail (London) 10 January 2009 Saturday 1ST Edition BRIC-A-BRAC BRITAIN; NORMAN MILLER goes on a rummage to find the top ten towns for bargain hunters〕 Its most famous exhibit is the 18th-century Silver Swan automaton, though art includes work by Goya and El Greco. Barnard Castle sits on the north bank of the River Tees, opposite Startforth and south-west of the county town of Durham. Nearby towns include Bishop Auckland to the north-east, Darlington to the east and Richmond in North Yorkshire to the south-east. Barnard Castle's largest single employer is the pharmaceuticals giant GlaxoSmithKline, which has a manufacturing facility on the outskirts of town.〔(【引用サイトリンク】website=Devereux Architects )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC - Domesday Reloaded: A BARNARD CASTLE FACTORY )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Teesdale Mercury )〕 ==History== Before the Norman conquest the upper half of Teesdale had been combined into an Anglo-Norse estate which was centred upon the ancient village of Gainford and mortgaged to the Earls of Northumberland. The first Norman Bishop of Durham, Bishop Walcher, was murdered in 1080. This led to the surrounding country being attacked and laid waste by the Norman overlords. Further rebellion in 1095 caused the king William II to break up the Earldom of Northumberland into smaller baronies. The Lordship of Gainford was given to Guy de Balliol. The earthwork fortifications of the castle were re-built in stone by his successor, Bernard de Balliol I during the latter half of the 12th century. The castle passed down through the Balliol family (of which the Scottish king, John Balliol, was the most important member) and then into the possession of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. King Richard III inherited it through his wife, Anne Neville, but it fell into ruins in the century after his death. The remains of the castle are a Grade I listed building, whilst the chapel in the outer ward is Grade II * listed. Both sets of remains are now in the care of English Heritage and open to the public. Walter Scott frequently visited his friend John Sawrey Morritt at Rokeby Hall and was fond of exploring Teesdale. He begins his epic poem ''Rokeby'' (1813) with a man standing on guard on the round tower of the Barnard Castle fortress.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of Barnard Castle, in Teesdale and County Durham - Map and description )〕 Charles Dickens and his illustrator Hablot Browne (Phiz) stayed at the King's Head in Barnard Castle while researching his novel ''Nicholas Nickleby'' in the winter of 1837-38. He is said to have entered William Humphrey's clock-maker's shop, then opposite the hotel, and enquired who had made a certain remarkable clock. William replied that his boy Humphrey had done it. This seems to have prompted Dickens to choose the title "Master Humphrey's Clock" for his new weekly, in which''The Old Curiosity Shop'' and ''Barnaby Rudge'' appeared.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC News - Exhibition explores Charles Dickens' links with County Durham )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Barnard Castle Blue Plaque Trail )〕 William Wordsworth,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Places Visited and Letters Written: 1798-1800 )〕 Daniel Defoe,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Vision of Britain - Daniel Defoe - Letter 8, Part 4: Leeds and North Yorkshire )〕 Ralph Waldo Emerson,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=XI. English Traits. Aristocracy. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 1909-14. Essays and English Traits. The Harvard Classics )〕 Hilaire Belloc, Bill Bryson and the artist J M W Turner〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Barnard Castle: The Castle and Bridge looking Upstream, Joseph Mallord William Turner - Tate )〕 have also visited the town. The Bowes Museum, housed in a chateau-like building, was founded by John Bowes and his wife Josephine, and is of national status. It contains an El Greco, paintings by Goya, Canaletto, Boucher, Fragonard and a collection of decorative art. A great attraction is the 18th century silver swan automaton, which periodically preens itself, looks round and appears to catch and swallow a fish. John Bowes lived at nearby Streatlam Castle (now demolished). His Streatlam stud never had more than ten breeding mares at one time, but produced no fewer than four Derby winners in twenty years. The last of these, "West Australian", was the first racehorse to win the Triple Crown (1853). Although never a big manufacturing centre, in the 18th century industry centred on hand loom wool weaving, and in the early 19th century the principal industry was spinning and the manufacture of shoe thread.〔All in due time: the collected essays and broadcast talks of Humphry House By Humphry House p283〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Barnard Castle」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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